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The world we live in today was made possible by the neoliberalization of historically left

parties.

Why that happened is what sociologist Stephanie Mudge

examines in her monumental book, Leftism Reinvented Western parties from

socialism to neoliberalism.

It traces the long history of the UK's Labor Party,

the Swedish Social Democratic Party, or SAP, the Social Democratic Party of Germany or SPD, and even our very own United States

Democratic Party.

To understand why these parties became neoliberalized, however, she first examines how these parties, in all cases but the Democratic Party, founded as thoroughly socialist parties, how they made the switch from socialism to Keynesianism in the mid-20th century.

And what she found out might surprise you.

The changing position and role of party economic experts, she argues, was critical.

And it proved critical again with the shift from Keynesianism to neoliberalism.

Mudge writes that the power of these experts was destabilized by economic crises,

...